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#Hardware

The physical machines underneath, and the limits that shaped everything above them.

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A circular wafer on a dark field, notched at the bottom and divided into a grid of small square dies, each marked with a faint pattern of lines, squares or circles in violet, amber or pale cream, while dozens of thin curved lines run in from scattered points on the left and right edges and converge on the wafer’s rim.
Updated 24 Oct 2026

1958 → 2026

Chip Foundries

A Factory for Other People’s Ideas

56 min read Hardware History of Computing
Concentric dashed ellipses labelled kernel, drivers, services and programs surround a glowing core, with many small windows labelled with process numbers orbiting around it.
Updated 22 Oct 2026

1956 → 2013

Operating Systems

A Computer of One’s Own

25 min read Systems Design History of Computing
A series of nested rectangles, each a machine inside the one around it, growing brighter toward a small glowing innermost machine labelled with a question mark about its privilege; four smaller machines sit beside the outer layers.
Updated 22 Oct 2026

1961 → 2025

Virtualization

Machines Inside Machines

32 min read Systems Design History of Computing
A honeycomb of faint hexagonal cells covering the dark field, with concentric amber rings radiating from a glowing smartphone at the centre.
Updated 22 Oct 2026

1946 → 2025

Mobile Phones

The Number That Became a Person

25 min read Hardware Interface Design
A chip die made of a twelve-by-twelve grid of cores glowing amber at the centre, with faint vacuum tubes on the left, rows of server racks on the right, and a violet curve that rises steeply and then flattens.
Updated 22 Oct 2026

1936 → 2024

Compute

The Universal Machine and the End of the Free Lunch

23 min read Hardware Systems Design

Often found together

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